Is Affiliation with Deviant Peers an Inheritable Trait

Psychology Essay The paper is addressing the theory that suggests that affiliation with deviate peers is inheritable. Phenotypic research has mainly centred on environmental associates of peer deviance. Often, family life is seen to influence the outcome of peer deviance, which are positively linked with child-parent conflict, poor parental discipline and monitoring. Moreover, PD has been associated with community-level and socioeconomic aspects. Youths might also be predisposed to choosing or being chosen by such peer groups. For instance, a longitudinal study has revealed that individual traits are predictive of PD (Tarantino, et al., 2013). A number of studies have researched on the genetic and environmental involvement in deviant peer affiliation and deviant peer traits. Some of the researches have revealed that there are moderate and big genetic effects on peer deviance and peer use of substance. Studies have shown support for both non-shared and shared surrounding influences on peer deviance and use of substance (Tarantino, et al., 2013). There are longitudinal studies on genetic and environmental influences to peer deviance that have shown that there is transformation of the effects with time. Estimating the variance has revealed a stable growth in genetic influence in the late childhood moving to early adulthood, a reduction in shared environmental influences and a relatively steady quantity of non-shared environmental influences (Tarantino, et al.,

Creation Vs Evolution Essay Example For Students

Creation Vs Evolution Essay There are many different life forms on earth. New species and different sub species are evolving every second as others die out. In order to explain the origin of life, people have used the bible story of creation, while others came up with their own theories. Out of all those theories, the theory of evolution by Charles Darwin seems to have the most supporting evidence to back it up. Evidence on earth suggests that single cell creatures are the ancestors of all life. These organisms slowly evolved into air breathing creatures when oxygen was created. Slowly, the as land dried up, these creatures moved away from the water and on to land where they evolved legs and a strong back bone. The theory of evolution by Charles Darwin explained how life evolved from survival of the fittest, it provides a logical explanation of the evolutionary process these creatures took, and how human came to be. Evidence on earth shows that single cell organisms eventually evolved to multicelled organisms and complex beings. If you look at old fossil records, the oldest fossils are all single cell creatures. These simple creatures do not require oxygen to live. It took in energy from the sun and other energy sources. Slowly as oxygen begins to appear on Earth, some of the organisms began to evolve lungs to breathe oxygen because When free oxygen entered the picture. Breathing is more efficient than drawing energy from the fermentation process that earlier microscope life used. (Science: Biology Pg. 36) Other organisms that did not evolve lungs either died out or went down to deeper depths of the ocean; Oxygen was first consider a pollutant by microscopic creatures. (Evolution Pg. 36) Because of the free Oxygen those who did not change were killed. The evolution through natural selection and survival of the fittest shows that Darwin theory is correct. Due to the lack of oxygen within the ocean , fish slowly evolved to the condition of land. Due to the sudden increase in the population of fish and other marine organism. Due to the sudden increase in the population of marines life, the oxygen level within the ocean decreased. Scientist believe that the lung fish evolved because of a lack of oxygen in the sea. The lung fish learned to rise from the sea and breathe in the oxygen necessary for survival. (Evolution evidence Pg. 38) As more land emerges and dry, rain collected and formed fresh water lakes and rivers. Some of the fish became stranded by the receding ocean. Many fish that became stranded died because they were not able to adapt to the new environment; those fish needed salt water to lived died. But some adapted to their environment. (Evolution Pg. 38) The lobe fin fish was another evolutionary path fish toke to avoid the lack of oxygen in the sea. Fossil record shows that lobe finned lung fish took another evolutionary path. (Microsoft Encarta Pg. 2) The lobe fin fish was almost capable of leaving the water. It only needed more muscles in the joints to be able to lift it self up, because of this many people believe that the lobe fin fish was the ancestor of early reptilian creatures. The different evolutionary paths the fish have taken shows that life changes in responses to different environmental conditions. Fossil records in South America, reveals that there are many sub species of the human race. The fossil of Neanderthal man was discover shortly after Darwin published his book on evolution.. The Neanderthal man was consider to be an ancestor of mankind because of the size of the skull which suggested that it had a small brain. The sloping forehead is also an indication that it is a ancestor of the human race. Not long after the discovery of the Neanderthal was found in the 1890s. This fossil was called the Java Man, the Java Man was not consider the missing link between humans and apes. Language Arts Intervention Programs Increase Student Achievement EssayScientists also noticed that embryos of many different animals looked so similarthat it was hard to tell them apart. Embryos are organisms at early stages ofdevelopment. These similarities show that similar genes are present. The factthat early development of fish, birds, and humans is similar shows that theseanimals share a common ancestor, who had a particular gene sequence thatcontrolled its early development. That sequence has been passed on to thespecies that descended from it. In the embryos of many animals the limbs thatdevelop look very similar. But as the embryos mature, the limbs grow into arms,legs, flippers that differ greatly in form and function. These differentforelimbs evolved in a series of evolutionary changes that altered the structureand appearance of the arm and leg bones of different animals. Each type of limbis adapted in a different way to help the organism survive in its environment. Structures like these, which meet different needs but develop from the same bodyparts, are called homologous structures. This is all additional evidence ofdescent from a common ancestor. There are other theories for the origin ofspecies including special creation and panspermia. Special creation involveshumans. Many people believe that humans were created by God; so the theories ofevolution go against their religions especially why they do not see Godshands in the process. As for panspermia, it suggests that life could haveoriginated somewhere else and came to us from space. This might be possible butthere is actually no supporting evidence for it. Paleontology has also played abig role in the study of evolution. Over the years, paleontologists havecollected millions of fossils to make up the fossil record. The fossil recordrepresents the preserved history of the Earths organisms. Paleontologistshave assembled great evolutionary histories for many animal groups. An examplewould be lo oking at probable relationships between ancient animals whoseevolutionary line gave rise to todays modern horse. The fossil record alsotells us that change followed change on Earth. Scientists can use radioactivityto determine the actual age of rocks. In rocks, radioactive elements decay intonon-radioactive elements at a very steady rate. Scientists measure this rate ofradioactive decay in a unit called a half-life. A half-life is the length oftime required for half the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay. Eachradioactive elements has a different half-life. Carbon-14 is particularly usefulbecause it can be used to date material that was once alive. Because carbon-14is present in the atmosphere, livings things take it into their bodies whiletheyre alive. So the relative amount of carbon-14 in organic material cantell us how long ago this material stopped taking in new carbon into its system. That was the time it died. Then, a graph is used to determine the time. This isthe way scientists can deduce the approximate age of materials based on a simpledecay curve for a radioisotope. In organisms, variations in specific moleculescan indicate phylogeny; and biochemical variations can be used as anevolutionary clock. Phylogeny is the line of evolutionary descent. Biochemistrycan be used to support other evidence about revolutionary relationships, and itcan be very simple. Scientists study similar molecules in different species anddetermine how much difference there is between the molecules. The moredifference there is, the longer the time-span since the two species shared acommon ancestor. The most commonly used substances in this technique arehemoglobin , cytochrome c, and nucleic acids. Hemoglobin is suited to studyingcloser related organisms that contain hemoglobin. Cytochrome c has been used tocompare groups that are more different. The results from comparativebiochemistry lone do not prove anything, but they confirm data found using othermethods. Together, they become convincing. Today, the theory of evolution isgenerally considered to be the most important fundamental concept in thebiological sciences. Nearly all scientists support it. However, large numbers ofpeople opposed the theory when it was introduces. Still, some people do notaccept it today. Bibliography1. Arms, Camp. Chapter 17, Evolution and Natural Selection,Chapter 21, Origin of Life. Biology. Bonnie Boehme. Fourth Edition. The United States of America. Harcourt Brace College Publishers; 1995. Pages352-372, 440-455 2. Curtis, Barnes. Chapter 46, Evolution: Theory andEvidence, Chapter 48,Natural Selection, Chapter 49 Onthe Origin of Species. Biology. Sally Anderson. Fifth Edition. New York,USA; Worth; 1989: Pages 961-973, 991-1029 3. Roberts, M.B.V. Chapter 34, Evolution in Evidence, Chapter 35,The Mechanism of Evolution,Biology. Fourth Edition. Surrey, UK; Nelson; 1986: Pages 560-616 4. The WorldBook Encyclopedia. World Book, inc. London: v.6; Pages 406-413Evolution. 5. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, inc. Chicago: v.4; Page 623 Evolution. 6. http://www.talkorigins.org/origins/faqs-evolution.html7. http://www.wku.edu/smithch/index1.htm 8. http://bioinfo.med.utoronto.ca/lamoran/Evolution_home.shtml

The Upside to Analysis Essay Example

The Upside to Analysis Essay Example You might decide to compose a book analysis as a way to think critically about the bit of literature and determine your literary preferences. It is an impossible task to think of a good, impressive introduction before you know the remainder of the paper's content. The second issue is thesis. The next portion of the writing procedure is simultaneously the simplest and the hardest one. What You Should Do to Find Out About Analysis Essay Example Before You're Left Behind In many instances, each paragraph or group of paragraphs will address just one such point so the arguments don't get entangled and confuse the reader. When you're assigned with a literary analysis, your primary purpose is to examine and study a specific parcel of literature to comprehend what main points it intends to render. The conclusion ought to be a concise restatement of your major points without being a direct copy. The principal or topic sentence is going to be the v ery first line in your essay. However strong your argument is, if it's the just one which you construct your essay on, your paper will probably be weak. You will need to make your thesis statement. When you've done that, proceed to earn your thesis statement. To end the whole essay, it's essential to make an overall concluding statement. Most Noticeable Analysis Essay Example If you would like to comprehend how to compose a poem analysis essay, produce an outline even in the event the prompt does not tell to do it. The absolute most crucial element that could help to comprehend how to compose a poetry evaluation essay is an excellent literature analysis essay example. In the end, however, analysis of film isn't too different. You're going to receive a step-by-step walkthrough of the way to tackle an analysis essay. The introduction is a significant part of an essay. The Introduction The coming of the literary analysis essay outline will set up the entire essay. The Honest to Goodness Truth on Analysis Essay Example For those readers, it's important to reveal the rhetorical facets of the subject and analyze them from various angles. The introduction usually starts out with some type of background info. These examples can help you with it. There's no particular style for the introduction, but background information has become the most frequent process of approach. Introductory paragraph always sets the tone of the whole essay, so it must include all the key ideas you're likely to discuss. A more conclusive definition of an analytical essay is that it's a write-up that gives an observation about a specific topic of interest. Your essay should conclude with the same kind of gesture. If you aren't able to do so, you always have the option to find helpful crucial essay writing service. Therefore, an analytical essay is a bit of writing that supplies an informative observation about the particular topic or idea. An essay linked to literary criticism may be pleasant adventure if you understand how to write it! The Secret to Analysis Essay Example Make certain that your discussion is suitably organized. Sometimes you might be required to produce your topics. Topics can change depending on your majors. What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Analysis Essay Example The analysis ought to be restated, and you ought to point out its significance to the subject accessible. The textual analysis conclusion may be a tricky thing. There's no overall pattern of the way to compose a literary analysis, as it greatly depends upon the part of work you will need to go over. In the event you're still puzzled how to c ompose an outline for your literary analysis paper, you may discover examples online. Analysis Essay Example Features Therefore, process analyses can be quite detailed and at times quite long. It isn't necessary to to imitate the chronology of the literary work you're analyzing. 1 way to work out when you're summarizing instead of analyzing is to look over your support. Needless to say, all of the analyzing has to be carried out exclusively by you, but it is not prohibited to reference somebody else's work when presenting examples. For instance, the positive details of the book might be that the plot was engaging and that the story wasn't overly descriptive. When you compose the outline and the book analysis paper, you've got to spell out the qualities of the principal characters within the book. For instance, the major character of the book can have a bold personality, whereas the pal of the major character could be shy and timid. You make a pervasive, persistent case a ce rtain issue is true about an object of literature.

Computer Engineering Processes Description Topic Essay

Computer Engineering Processes Description Topic EssayIn fact, if you are a student who has just started in taking up computer engineering, there is a specific process description topic essay that you will be required to write for a college exam. And this article will discuss that process and how you will be required to write a topic essay. Students will be required to perform this process description topic essay on the matter of computer engineering which is what they need to be concentrating on after the first day of taking up the course. The process of writing a topic essay will include the following parts:I. Structure: Your topic must start with a statement of purpose, followed by a request for participants and then a summary of the reason why you have requested them to take part in your topic. You will need to determine how much research you have done before setting out for writing your topic. The topic can also be based on the present situation and some related issues.II. Purpo se: This is where you need to give a precise reason for writing the essay. This should be based on your desire to be recognized as an expert in the field. Your purpose must be what makes you passionate about your field of expertise. Make sure you are fully aware of the existing information that you will be able to add to this topic. Explain the relevance of your question to the entire subject.IV. Questions: Write the questions in chronological order and make sure you provide enough detail. Do not ask more than you have to in your topic since it will not make much sense. Consider the questions to be questions on how to solve the problem or to determine the issue.X. Test: This is where you will specify the target time for testing and prepare all the materials for the test. Check the test answer sheet and make sure you are able to make all the necessary changes.XI. Placement: You can create your final work of the project based on the completion of the assignment papers. Your final work can also be based on your evaluation of the results.XII. Quality Control: Create a schedule for the quality control. Check all the assignments and test answers and check the procedures, tests, and policies of the test site.There are different methods used for writing a computer engineering process description topic essay. If you are not aware of them, you can find the authors or the names in the literature of computer engineering. Make sure you have all the knowledge that you need to write your topic essay.

Information For Research Papers and Analysis - The Web Designer Can Help You

Information For Research Papers and Analysis - The Web Designer Can Help YouWhen it comes to website design, research papers and analysis are essential to build a high-quality website. It is a reality that the majority of websites are devoid of this. But, today, we have updated our skills and technologies to allow us to see the world differently.We are a quick transition from the traditional research papers to the 'product, service' website. There has been a major shift in perception of the meaning of the word web design. We are now in a world of innovation and continuous advancements; people want websites that are not mere traditional websites with information but, that have added value that also serves a purpose.The term web design was once meant for data collection and analysis, now, it means very much more. Research papers and analysis do not just sit on the page, they must be provided with the proper attention in order to create something that is of high quality.In order to get the best out of your website for research papers and analysis, you will need a lot of experience from a web designer who can manage your needs effectively. This involves learning the exact things you need to do when creating a website. It is important to remember that what works for research papers may not work for your website.A web designer can help you design a website according to your taste and know-how and is very effective in providing the very best in terms of website design and functionality. If you have an existing website and need to enhance it, then this can be done by a professional web designer.In addition to research papers and analysis, the user will need to put certain designs on the website that will guide them throughout their research process. Some people might simply want a simple to navigate website with only research papers, some others may want more functionality and interactivity. A website designer can help you create your own website and give it the approp riate features.An experienced website designer can also assist you in designing a website that is very attractive and may even be able to make it very popular. For research papers and analysis, the way the user finds information will decide if a website is a success or not. A website designer can help you achieve what you desire.

How to Use a Sample Synthesis Essay

How to Use a Sample Synthesis EssayYou should use a sample synthesis essay PDF file to help you with your research papers. It's easy to use, it's less than 10 pages, and it can give you a good idea of how the procedure should work and what you should do in the future. There are three main sections to the synthesis paper: a material basis, a logical foundation, and an introduction.The material basis is basically all about constructing the data necessary for the article. You'll need to do a lot of things, and writing the data doesn't necessarily mean doing everything that you need to do in order to write an article. You don't have to have all the pertinent documents at the top of the page, so this means that you're free to use different formats of the data that you'd like. This way, you can break up the information if you need to or you can go over the full text at one time if you want to. Also, you might even decide to split the information in half and split it in different chapters f or better organization.The logical foundation of the paper is where you lay out the entire structure and outline of the essay. This is where you lay out the article's subject, you'll lay out the topic, and you'll give you thoughts on how it could be written. You can actually make a template out of this structure. However, you can't just add new elements to the structure as you go along. After you finish, it needs to be the same as when you started.Finally, the introduction section is where you begin your introduction to the article. You should talk about the main ideas of the essay and then also talk about what you plan to do in the rest of the essay. This part should show the rest of the article from the perspectives of the different sections. Finally, you should try to tie into the thesis.Using a sample synthesis essay is pretty simple. All you have to do is copy the contents of the paper into a file or folder, open it in Word or any word processor, copy the files to a USB drive, and then run it through an editor that you trust to edit. A few examples of editors are Notepad++, Microsoft Word, and the already mentioned Open Office. The advantage to using an editor is that you can change some of the formatting and put in your own information, but you don't have to worry about all the nitty-gritty details of how to format the paper and stuff like that.Once you get your hands on a sample synthesis essay, the next step is to begin writing the piece. You'll start off by taking notes about what you know and what you don't know about the topic. You should also start thinking about the main idea behind the article. The whole purpose of the paper is to define what you would like to talk about in the article, so it's very important that you define the main ideas in the paper. That way, you won't be caught without words that fit the subject you're talking about.Writing the paper is the hardest part, so try to take notes about all of this while you're writing. It's okay to add your own thoughts, but if you're looking for a professional job, you should be writing for someone else, not doing your own writing. If you don't feel that you're ready to write for yourself, you might as well stick to this guide.

Royal Caribbean Cruises Limited Made Efforts to Adapt to the Paradigm Shift of Information Technology and Its Function Within the Ever-Growing Cruise Line Industry free essay sample

Royal Caribbean Cruises Limited made efforts to adapt to the paradigm shift of Information Technology and its function within the ever-growing cruise line industry Jesse Brothers Abstract Royal Caribbean Cruises Limited (RCCL) was founded in 1969. They currently operate under the brands of Royal Caribbean International, Celebrity Cruises and Pullmantor. Predominantly known as the second largest cruise ship company behind Carnival Cruises, RCCL still has a firm hold on cruise ship market share. According to their website, RoyalCaribbean. com, RCCL brought in net revenues of over $607 million in 2011, which is up from $515 and $152 million in 2010 and 2009, respectively. They used their fleet consisting of 39 ships to make approximately 92,000 berths last year†¦ but things were not always looking so optimistic for Royal Caribbean Cruises Limited. Problem Statement Things were looking up for RCCL and their hiring of high level IT personnel have led to advancements in the company’s IT infrastructure and future technology endeavors. We will write a custom essay sample on Royal Caribbean Cruises Limited Made Efforts to Adapt to the Paradigm Shift of Information Technology and Its Function Within the Ever-Growing Cruise Line Industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But ultimately, the company had three strategic goals of (1) Enhancing Guest Experience (2) Reduce Costs and (3) Increase Revenues to try to set themselves apart within the cruise industry as they tried to make the leap into the â€Å"digital† age. But given the events of 9/11 and its impact on the industry, how would RCCL optimize its IT spending especially if it is still working on an â€Å"analog† budget? Background Dating back to the 90’s, RCCL has always been the proverbial second fiddle to Carnival Cruises. RCCL’s Chairman and CEO, Richard Fain, noticed that the primary reason for Carnival’s success was their ability to drive down marginal costs per ship by â€Å"standardizing its fleets down to details as small as bedspreads and barstools† (McFarland, 2003). However, it was important to Fain for each RCCL ship to have its own identity. So, the problem in front of the long time CEO and Chairman was high would RCCL take steps toward a bigger market share without compromising its differentiation between Carnival and other cruise ship organizations. For Fain, the answer would be to move RCCL into the digital age. So in April of 1999, Fain brought in a new CIO named Thomas Murphy to lead the paradigm shift. Murphy, with a IT background in the hospitality industry, immediately made an impact as people titles were changed and some positions were even eliminated in an attempt to change the overall outlook of RCCL’s staff, both high and low level, had toward its own IT department. Murphy was once quoted saying, â€Å"there was a huge disconnect in their thinking, a gap that had kept IT and the business apart† (Hughes, 2001). Murphy’s first projects were implemented and received well both by customers and by RCCL’s employees. The first major change was to hire IMB Business Services as a consultant to link together RCCL’s shore-side and on-board technology systems. The second major change was the improvements made were to the previously mentioned shore excursion program and the switch from diesel to gas engines. At this point, the buy-in from the board and staff for the new and improved IT department was completely formulated. The next big project for Murphy and his department was called â€Å"Leapfrog†. This was supposed to be what helps RCCL move into the number one spot for cruise line industry market share. Leapfrog consisted of 3 main IT projects: 1) Supply Chain – automate and simplify the shore-side purchasing and procuring processes 2) Human Resource – automate employee tracking software to help with training and knowledge management 3) Customer Service Upgrade – create a new and improved reservation tool for customers to synchronize all reservation systems for the company and to help sales and marketing utilize the data being collected Leapfrog was set to be a $200 million project that also helped make it affordable to launch 4 new ships and hire 20k more employees. The entire IT infrastructure was going to be revamped, including more servers, new networks and other IT service components. Sink or Swim: the fallout from 9/11 attacks The old adage goes, â€Å"you have to spend money to make money†. Well, after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, RCCL executives knew that making money was going to be a lot more difficult. They lost 50% of their 4th quarter bookings within a week of those attacks and Q1 of 2002 was starting to look bleak as well. Fain quickly gathered his executive team and made a decision that ultimately would affect the company’s future financials for several years. He concluded that there were three avenues that RCCL could possibly go toward now. â€Å"The first option was to slow down and cut 25% off some projects: the second one consisted of shelving some of them[projects] completely, reducing overall costs by 50%; while the third was to shelve the whole thing except for a small part of the supply chain†¦ Fain decided to go for the third option† (McFarlan, 2003) Over the next few weeks, hundreds of employees were laid off and Murphy saw his annual budget cut in half. He knew that the only way to stay afloat was to start thinking smaller. He called the next methodology RCCL would adapt, â€Å"micro-strategy† which he defined as â€Å"the stepping stone strategies needed to be nimble and adaptable within the context of preserving long-term goals† (Hughes, 2002). So for the next year and a half, Murphy spent any monies his department had on shoring the core infrastructure of RCCL, most notably: Network services, Email services and other utilities that people always expect to work when needed. Utilizing these core small strategies, Murphy was able to keep RCCL IT department afloat through 2004, his final year at the company. IT Makeup and Infrastructure Vision Statement Corporate Strategy: The Solution RCCL has three main goals that incorporate its main strategy as it prepares to enter the digital age of the 21st century. The first and foremost being to enhance the guest experience which of course fits in perfectly with the company’s vision statement. An example of this focus is the â€Å"Silverwhere† program, which is not just a clever name but is a software program that links together people of common interests at dinner in hopes of making their dinner and ultimately, vacation, more enjoyable. The ships have also incorporated Internet Cafes that are being put to good use by the customers who want to stay connected while at sea. One final way to enhance the guest experience while on a cruise is the automated disembarkation process or also known as the debark card. The card saves the customer the headache of trying to leave the ship and having to having to fill the necessary paperwork on the same day. According to the case, â€Å"the debark card captured the information required by the INS and was printed the night before debarkation and delivered to each guests’ room (McFarlan, 2003). The second corporate strategy is to of course, reduce costs. One of the most critical functions for a successful cruise company is to have a successful supply chain management structure in place. â€Å"A cruise ship as a floating city posed exceptionally complex supply-chain issues as a result of several factors: most notably, Variety, Logistics and Connectivity† (McFarlan, 2003). Variety is a critical factor because the ship has two key yet differing functions, which are hotel supply and technical supply. Logistics from simply having the aforementioned â€Å"floating city† aspect which made errors almost impossible to correct once the ships left port. Connectivity was also an issue back in the early 2000’s as the satellite positions could dictate whether guests and crew were able to access the Internet. Most cruises have multiple excursions planned throughout its duration. The online excursion booking allows the customer to book the excursions online at their convenience. This not only helps save the customer time but it also allows them to spend more time in the ship. This usually helps bring in more revenue as well. Speaking of revenue, that is the third and final main goal of the RCCL executive staff. As previously mentioned, RCCL provided Internet Cafes that charged $. 50 per minute for guests and $. 10 per minute for crew. Lastly, RCCL decided to make the change from diesel engines to gas engines. Although the fuel costs were higher now, they were more than offset by the extra combine space created. Plus, customers found the cruises to be more enjoyable with the reduced engine noise. These advancements would not have been possible without first bringing the right personnel to have vision and knowledge to implement such technical programs as the online shore excursions and updates to the website. These personnel have to have the intuitiveness to not only be creative with new ideas but also make sure said ideas are in line with the corporate goals of RCCL. Though the technology had not yet been developed, the ultimate goal was to have â€Å"each ship is a fully redundant system, where an authorized user could access data anytime, anywhere† (McFarlan, 2003). Moving forward to present day, once the available technology was literally feasible, Murphy’s dream would come true even if he was not there to see it come to fruition. RCCL’s ships would be streamlined and be more efficient. They would be self-troubleshooting and centralized. Fleets would have full communication with the shore-side infrastructure and give the ability to drive down costs while remaining efficient. The graph below shows the increases in total fleet. Then, there is a graph showing the capital expenditures for RCCL going back to before Thomas Murphy was hired as CIO in 1999.